Gender differences in depression and anxiety: a key to preventing adolescent suicide

By Giovana Vidotto Roman Toro

Our recent study, published in the Journal of Clinical Medicine, analyzes how depressive and anxiety disorders affect adolescent girls and boys differently, and how these differences impact suicide risk. The findings highlight the need to design prevention strategies that are better adapted to the realities of each group.

The study shows that adolescent girls more frequently present symptoms of anxiety and depression, which increases the likelihood of suicide attempts. Adolescent boys, on the other hand, report fewer attempts but have a suicide mortality rate 2.5 times higher.

The causes are multiple. Among biological factors, the study points to hormonal fluctuations and other neuroendocrine mechanisms that may increase girls’ emotional vulnerability. On a social level, gender stereotypes play a strong role: the idea that “boys shouldn’t show weakness” limits emotional expression and makes it harder for many boys to seek help.

Regarding treatment, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is recognized as effective, yet most studies do not differentiate outcomes by sex—making it difficult to move toward truly personalized interventions.

How does this influence prevention?

Preventive interventions must take into account that risk factors are not the same for girls and boys, integrating biological, emotional, and social aspects. The educational setting is a strategic place for early detection and psychoeducation. Training teachers and counselors to identify warning signs can save lives.

It is essential to develop campaigns that challenge stereotypes and create spaces where boys feel safe to talk about their distress.

Moving toward programs and treatments that consider sex, age, and cultural context will make interventions more effective.

Adolescent suicide is a complex issue that requires specific responses. This study provides clear evidence: gender differences matter, and they must be incorporated into prevention, research, and clinical practice.

Original paper: Toro, G. V. R., Arias, P., de la Torre-Luque, A., Singer, J. B., & Lagunas, N. (2025). Depression, Anxiety, and Suicide Among Adolescents: Sex Differences and Future Perspectives. Journal of clinical medicine, 14(10), 3446. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14103446